Toorians, Lauran, “Keltisch *kagjo-; kaai, kade, Cadzand, Seneucaega en Zennewijnen”, Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 56 (2002): 17–22.
- journal article
Schrijver 1999 argues that the Dutch word kaai, kade was borrowed into Dutch directly from a Celtic language which must have survived in the coastal areas of Flanders and the Netherlands into the early Middle Ages. Through Dutch is was later spread into French (quai) and other languages. Here it is pointed out that this argument can be strengthened by taking into account the place-name Cadzand (The Netherlands, province of Zeeland). The earliest attestation of this name dates from 1111-1115, two centuries before the earliest attestations of the etymon in French. The name of the goddess SENEUCAEGA is brought into the discussion. This occurs on a Roman altar from the early third century A.D., found near Zennewijnen (near Tiel along the river Waal). When analyzed as SENEU-CAEGA this name may contain the same etymon (the first member being similar to the River-Name Zenne). This not only explains the name of the goddess as 'River-Name' + Celtic *kagja (fem. of *kagjo- 'hedge, fence, enclosure', hence something like 'Deity of the Zenne-en-closure'?), but also makes it possible to explain the modem name Zennewijnen as a partial translation of this Divine Name, with Germanic *winjö- 'meadow, field' replacing Celtic *kagjo-. For the Celtic language spoken in the Flemish and Dutch coastal areas, the name North Sea Celtic has been proposed, as a parallel to North Sea Gerrnanic (Toorians 2001). As Schrijver (1999) showed, North Sea Germanic was shaped on a substratum of North Sea Celtic, a language close1y similar (and most probably related) to the British Celtic from which Welsh, Cornish and Breton were derive
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