Exegesis, grammar and the date of Easter were not the only intellectual concerns of seventh-century Irish scholars. Their works reveal a surprising interest in the physical world for its own sake, not merely as containing signs of higher religious truths. Their cosmological system was remarkably consistent, though it must seem naive to the modern reader. A basic assumption was that all matter was made up of some combination of the four elements: fire, air, water, and earth. Particular doctrines were derived from christian sources and from some measure of observation. There is no awareness of the secular scientific tradition of late antiquity – not even indirectly through the works of Isidore of Seville. This was just as well, since it gave these Irish scholars the freedom to speculate independently – the essential condition for all scientific advance.