Mallory, J. P., “From the steppe to Ireland: the impact of aDNA research”, in: Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen, and Eske Willerslev (eds), The Indo-European puzzle revisited integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics, Cambridge, Online: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 129–145.
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In 2015, the genetics laboratories of Harvard, Jena, and Copenhagen (Allentoft et al. 2015; Haak et al. 2015) published aDNA evidence for the extensive human migration that appeared to spread from the steppelands north of the Black and Caspian Seas, both eastward, as far as the Yenisei River and, ultimately, as far west as Britain (Olalde et al. 2018) and Ireland (Cassidy et al. 2016). The source of the expansion was credited to a population whose genomic signature emerged in the steppelands and was primarily comprised of an admixture of both a local Eastern Hunter Gatherer (EHG) origin and a more distant Caucasian Hunter Gatherer (CHG) origin, associated with populations from the area between the Caucasus and the Zagros region. This combination (EHG + CHG) typified the Yamnaya culture, an Eneolithic cultural horizon whose home territory extended from the Urals to the Danube and whose archaeological remains had been known to have spread westward, at least as far as Hungary (Ecsedy 1979). The genetic signature of the Yamnaya (or another culture with a similar genetic composition) was found among about 75% of the Corded Ware burials sampled in Germany, whose previous populations were exclusively represented by local Western Hunter Gatherer (WHG) and Anatolian Farmer (AF) genes. Samples of mtDNA recovered from both Yamnaya and Corded Ware burials also suggested an east-west cline of steppe ancestry, with its highest representation in eastern Corded Ware burials in Poland and the Czech Republic, while western Corded Ware females appeared to derive from local populations (Juras et al. 2018).
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